Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog

Fourteen U.S. billion-dollar weather disasters in 2011: a new record
Posted by: Dr. Jeff Masters, 12:12 PM GMT on November 04, 2011 +33
It's time to add another billion-dollar weather disaster to the growing 2011 total of these costly disasters: the extraordinary early-season Northeast U.S. snowstorm of October 29, which dumped up to 32 inches of snow, brought winds gusts of 70 mph to the coast, and killed at least 22 people. Not since the infamous snow hurricane of 1804 have such prodigious amounts of October snow been recorded in New England and, to a lesser extent, in the mid-Atlantic states. Trees that had not yet lost their leaves suffered tremendous damage from the wet, heavy snow. Snapped branches and falling trees brought down numerous power lines, leaving at least 3 million people without electricity. The damage estimate in Connecticut alone is $3 billion, far more than the damage Hurricane Irene did to the state. Hundreds of thousands still remain without power a week after the storm, with full electricity not expected to be restored until Monday.


Figure 1. Wet, heavy snow from the October 29, 2011 snowstorm weighing down trees still sporting their fall leaves in Winchester, VA. Image credit: wunderphotographer MaddScientist98.

The October 29 snow storm brings the 2011 tally of U.S. billion-dollar weather disasters to fourteen, thoroughly smashing the previous record of nine such disasters, set in 2008. Between 1980 - 2010, the U.S. averaged 3.5 of these weather disasters per year. Through August, the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) estimated that ten weather disasters costing at least $1 billion had hit the U.S., at total cost of up to $45 billion. However, the October 29 snow storm brings us up to eleven billion-dollar disasters, and a new disaster analysis done by global reinsurance company AON Benfield adds three more. Flood damage from the remnants of Tropical Storm Lee in the Northeast on September 8 is now estimated at more than $1 billion, and two outbreaks of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes--one in April and one in June--now have damage estimates exceeding $1 billion. A remarkable seven severe thunderstorm/tornado outbreaks did more than $1 billion each in damage in 2011, and an eighth outbreak July 10 - 14 came close, with damages of $900 million. In total, the fourteen billion-dollar disasters killed 675 people. Tornadoes, hurricanes, and floods in these fourteen disasters killed over 600 people, putting 2011 into fourth place since 1940 for most deaths by severe storms. Only 2005, with over 1,000 deaths caused by Katrina, 1969, with over 700 hurricane and flood-related deaths, and 1972, with 676 hurricane and flood-related deaths, were deadlier years for storms, according to NOAA. The fourteen billion-dollar weather disasters of 2011 caused $53 billion in damage, putting 2011 in fifth place for most damages from billion-dollar weather disasters. The top damage years, according to NCDC in adjusted 2011 dollars, were 2005 (the year of Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma), 2008 (Hurricane Ike), 1988 (Midwest drought), and 1980 (Midwest drought). With nearly two months remaining in 2011, the potential exists for more billion-dollar weather disasters this year. Our first opportunity comes Tuesday, when the NOAA Storm Prediction Center is forecasting the possibility of a severe weather outbreak centered over Arkansas and Missouri.


Video 1. Remarkable video of the tornado that hit Tuscaloosa, Alabama during the April 25 - 30, 2011 Super Outbreak. This tornado outbreak was the most expensive U.S. weather-related disaster of 2011, with damages estimated at $9 billion. Fast forward to minute four to see the worst of the storm.

Here are AON Benfield's estimates of the damages and NCDC's estimates of the death tolls from 2011's fourteen billion-dollar weather disasters (a clickable version of this table with information on each disaster is available on our severe weather resource page):



Have a great weekend, everyone, and I'll be back with a new post on Monday.

Angela Fritz is subbing for Ricky Rood this week, and has written an interesting post on the latest climate change controversy, the release of the new Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature (BEST) study by skeptic Dr. Richard Muller.

Jeff Masters
Categories: Winter Weather
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201. VAbeachhurricanes 04:03 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting WoodyFL:


I always wondered why it was referred to as the tidewater? Come on, 50 words or less, you can do it.


Its the area of rivers and bays that are affected by the tides.

Did it in 13.
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202. WoodyFL 04:04 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting VAbeachhurricanes:


Its the area of rivers and bays that are affected by the tides.

Did it in 13.


Did you ever consider writing tropical updates for the NHC? LOL
Member Since: April 24, 2011 Posts: 1 Comments: 442
203. sunlinepr 04:12 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Is that stationary plume in the border of Wyoming / Montana a volcanic eruption? ..... Anyone knows?



Member Since: Agustus 2, 2010 Posts: 19 Comments: 8447
204. VAbeachhurricanes 04:25 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting sunlinepr:
Is that stationary plume in the border of Wyoming / Montana a volcanic eruption? ..... Anyone knows?





no, but that would be one gigantic volcano...
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205. VAbeachhurricanes 04:26 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting WoodyFL:


Did you ever consider writing tropical updates for the NHC? LOL


hahaha you dont like wordiness?
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4801
206. Some1Has2BtheRookie 04:33 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting WoodyFL:


I always wondered why it was referred to as the tidewater? Come on, 50 words or less, you can do it.


LOL! .... and he DID IT too!
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207. VAbeachhurricanes 04:38 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Some1Has2BtheRookie:


LOL! .... and he DID IT too!


easy peasy ;)
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4801
208. Some1Has2BtheRookie 04:40 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting sunlinepr:
Is that stationary plume in the border of Wyoming / Montana a volcanic eruption? ..... Anyone knows?





A BP refinery? -------> exit, stage right!
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209. VAbeachhurricanes 04:42 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Some1Has2BtheRookie:


A BP refinery? -------> exit, stage right!


hahahaha, idk what it is, very weird though
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210. sunlinepr 04:44 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Some1Has2BtheRookie:


A BP refinery? -------> exit, stage right!


Just called me the attention that everything else moves but that plume looks stationary....

Member Since: Agustus 2, 2010 Posts: 19 Comments: 8447
211. VAbeachhurricanes 04:45 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting sunlinepr:


Just called me the attention that everything else moves but that plume looks stationary....



the source looks very stationary...
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212. WoodyFL 04:45 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting VAbeachhurricanes:


hahaha you dont like wordiness?


No!
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213. VAbeachhurricanes 04:50 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
hahaha i can tell!
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4801
214. Some1Has2BtheRookie 04:53 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
I have enjoyed everyone's post today. Time to call it a night. Thanks!
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215. VAbeachhurricanes 04:55 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Some1Has2BtheRookie:
I have enjoyed everyone's post today. Time to call it a night. Thanks!


Night!
Member Since: September 6, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 4801
216. GTcooliebai 04:55 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting sunlinepr:


Just called me the attention that everything else moves but that plume looks stationary....

It could be a very large wildfire, since Yellowstone is on the northern left edge of Wyoming.
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217. Skyepony (Mod) 05:00 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting VAbeachhurricanes:


the source looks very stationary...


Odd looking on radar there. Some very stationary ground clutter or something.
Member Since: Agustus 10, 2005 Posts: 144 Comments: 29328
218. GTcooliebai 05:07 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Skyepony:


Odd looking on radar there. Some very stationary ground clutter or something.
hmm...that's probably what it is skyepony, since I'm not seeing anything on Wyoming News about any fires in that area.
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219. VAbeachhurricanes 05:12 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
I wonder what it is, sunline wanna shoot dr. m a message and see if he knows what it is?
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220. Skyepony (Mod) 05:20 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
I see windfarm NW of Billings. It's showing up on radar tonight with the wind. The other ground clutter looks like mountains in wind? Maybe that's causing the constant plume, friction of mountains in high winds. No real smoke plumes on radar.
Member Since: Agustus 10, 2005 Posts: 144 Comments: 29328
221. VAbeachhurricanes 05:24 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Skyepony:
I see windfarm NW of Billings. It's showing up on radar tonight with the wind. The other ground clutter looks like mountains in wind? Maybe that's causing the constant plume, friction of mountains in high winds. No real smoke plumes on radar.


yeah but on sat it looks like a single source, if it were the mountains wouldn't it be more of a sheet?
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222. HurrMichaelOrl 06:11 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Interesting blog update Dr. Masters. I was in the NW suburbs of D.C. this past Friday and Saturday and it was amazing to see snow there in October. The heavy drizzle began to mix with sleet and a few wet flakes around 1:00 pm where I was, then suddenly it was all snow. Didn't accumulate except for a slight slushy dusting in grassy areas. Later that afternoon in Downtown D.C. we encountered somewhat heavy snow (huge flakes) for about an hour. I never expected to experience temperatures below 40 F let alone snow in Virginia in October.
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223. winter123 06:26 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting GTcooliebai:
Can a storm get any more perfect?

Cyclone Monica
Quoting Ameister12:

This is as perfect as it gets.

Perhaps not perfect in a tradional sense, but the structure of wilma at peak still amazes me.
Member Since: Juli 29, 2006 Posts: 28 Comments: 1700
224. Neapolitan 10:44 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
There was a flurry of very shallow (3 miles) seismic activity several dozen miles east of Oklahoma City overnight, the largest a 4.7. This is the most powerful earthquake in Oklahoma since 1952, and not too much smaller than the state's most powerful quake ever, a 5.5:

tremors

Magnitude 4.7
Date-Time

Saturday, November 05, 2011 at 07:12:45 UTC
Saturday, November 05, 2011 at 02:12:45 AM at epicenter
Time of Earthquake in other Time Zones

Location 35.570%uFFFDN, 96.703%uFFFDW
Depth 4.9 km (3.0 miles)
Region OKLAHOMA
Distances 33 km (20 miles) NE of Shawnee, Oklahoma
67 km (41 miles) W of Okmulgee, Oklahoma
68 km (42 miles) SSE of Stillwater, Oklahoma
75 km (46 miles) E of OKLAHOMA CITY, Oklahoma
Location Uncertainty horizontal /- 12.9 km (8.0 miles); depth /- 3 km (1.9 miles)
Parameters NST=240, Nph=246, Dmin=90.2 km, Rmss=1.31 sec, Gp= 18%uFFFD,
M-type=body wave magnitude (Mb), Version=9
Source

Magnitude: USGS NEIC (WDCS-D)
Location: USGS NEIC (WDCS-D)

Event ID usb0006k8b

Tremor
Member Since: November 8, 2009 Posts: 4 Comments: 11156
225. Neapolitan 11:09 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Of course, one can't help but wonder whether last night's Oklahoma tremors are related to fracking operations like those earlier in the year likely were*, and as last month's quake in Texas may have been, and as last year's quakes in the UK almost definitely were, etc. I reckon we'll find out...

* - From the report's conclusion: "The strong spatial and temporal correlations to the hydraulic-fracturing in Picket Unit B Well 4-18 certainly suggests that the earthquakes observed in the Eola Field could have possibly been triggered by this activity."
Member Since: November 8, 2009 Posts: 4 Comments: 11156
226. interstatelover7165 11:19 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Patrap:
Asteroid 2005 YU55 To Narrowly Miss Earth (PHOTOS, VIDEO)





An asteroid a quarter-mile-wide will, astronomically speaking, narrowly miss Earth next week.

And while it is the closest an asteroid this size has come to the home planet since 1976, there's no need to call Bruce Willis ... yet.

"There is no chance that this object will collide with the Earth or moon," Don Yeomans, the manager of NASA's Near Earth Object Program office, told Reuters.

But that doesn't mean the asteroid -- named 2005 YU55 -- won't be a threat to earth in the future.

Lance Benner, a research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a video from NASA (available below) that scientists haven't been able to reliably compute the asteroid's path beyond a couple of hundred years from now.

At its closest point, the space rock will be about 201,700 miles (324,600 kilometers) away, which is 0.85 the distance between the moon and the Earth. NASA says that the asteroid will reach this point at 6:28 p.m. EST on Tuesday.

"In effect, it'll be moving straight at us from one direction, and then go whizzing by straight away from us in the other direction," Benner said.

An asteroid this size -- which, according to Scientific American is larger than an aircraft carrier -- would cause widespread damage if it were to hit Earth, however. The Associated Press spoke to Jay Melosh, a professor of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Purdue University, who said that the asteroid would create a four-mile wide crater 1,700 feet deep. It could cause 70-foot tsunami waves and shake the ground like a magnitude-7 earthquake.

Even though the asteroid will be inside the orbit of the moon, NASA said that the space rock's gravitational pull shouldn't have any "detectable effect" on Earth's tectonic plates or tides.

Yeomans told HuffPost that the flyby will give astronomers a great view of 2005 YU55 and is an opportunity to do research into the asteroid's composition. He said that it's a C-Type asteroid, which means it contains carbon-based minerals which could potentially be used in future space exploration.

"These objects are important for science ... they're potential resources for raw materials in space that we may wish to take advantage of some day," he said.

The New York Times reported last month on proposed fuel stations in space that one study says could put astronauts on an asteroid by 2024.
Bruce Willis lol
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227. GeoffreyWPB 11:22 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Sad news...Andy Rooney has passed away.

Link
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228. stormwatcherCI 11:34 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting GeoffreyWPB:
Sad news...Andy Rooney has passed away.

Link
Sad to hear but he lived a long, productive life.
Member Since: Oktober 9, 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 8039
229. TropicTraveler 11:52 AM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Good morning everyone! Sad news to learn of death of celebrity's and in my personal life two loved ones have passed away. It seems like Autumn is the time of year when many people let go - they don't get to have that one last winter. All the more reason for us to savor each day as it comes and not waste it on bickering or bitterness, but spend it in curiosity and joy and appreciation for the gifts we have been given. So have a good November 5.
Member Since: Juli 24, 2007 Posts: 2 Comments: 896
230. Articuno 12:38 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting GeoffreyWPB:
Sad news...Andy Rooney has passed away.

Link

Sad, he lived a good life.
:(
Member Since: Oktober 22, 2011 Posts: 0 Comments: 1926
231. overwash12 01:28 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
We had a few wind gusts over 50mph last night,the storm and the high pressure to the northwest created a pressure gradient. Pretty neat,huh? Outer Banks of North Carolina.
Member Since: Juni 24, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 1049
232. bohonkweatherman 01:35 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
This has been happening here for over a year, what exactly is Dry Slotting? Yesterday my humidity was 10 percent, my low was 35 some areas in South Central Texas got down to 20 degrees officially, humidity at 3 am was 33 percent? I know I am not getting any rain because it is too dry but dry slotting?

DRY SLOTTING ALOFT STILL LOOKS LIKELY...SO WILL
CONTINUE TO UNDERCUT STORM POTENTIAL OVER SOUTH CENTRAL TX...WITH
THE BEST POTENTIAL OVER THE HILL COUNTRY AND EASTERN COUNTIES
MONDAY NIGHT AND EARLY TUESDAY. THUS A MOSTLY DRY FRONT IS
EXPECTED OVER SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS AS THE SECOND UPPER LOW EJECTS
NORTH OF SOUTH CENTRAL TX
Member Since: Juli 5, 2009 Posts: 0 Comments: 1348
233. islander101010 02:22 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
weather underground is advertising now parasite control for dogs. might think about picking some up for some friends in latin america one friend there was complaining no number twos but terrible gas for wks we told him to go to the doctor they found 11 different types of parasites in his system. thats what happens to gringos when they eat rotten food low pressure off n.carol coast
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234. AussieStorm 02:27 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Remember this.....


$


I hope we don't see one of these this Cyclone season.
Member Since: September 30, 2007 Posts: 5 Comments: 13329
235. hydrus 02:43 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting winter123:

Perhaps not perfect in a tradional sense, but the structure of wilma at peak still amazes me.
Another impressive sat pic. Cyclone Monica just before landfall in Northern Australia...
Member Since: September 27, 2007 Posts: 1 Comments: 14297
236. Tropicsweatherpr 02:44 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting AussieStorm:
Remember this.....


$


I hope we don't see one of these this Cyclone season.


Impressive images. If you want to post these and more hurricane and typhoon images,I made a blog to post them.

Link
Member Since: April 29, 2009 Posts: 64 Comments: 8172
237. hydrus 02:46 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting stormwatcherCI:
Sad to hear but he lived a long, productive life.
Very very true..He must have knew. He retired a few weeks ago . Good morning C.I.
Member Since: September 27, 2007 Posts: 1 Comments: 14297
238. Thundercloud01221991 02:47 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Dry slot

A zone of dry (and relatively cloud-free) air which wraps west- or south-westwards into the southern and eastern parts of a synoptic scale or mesoscale low pressure system. A dry slot is seen best on satellite photographs. A dry slot should not be confused with clear slot, which is a storm-scale phenomenon.
Member Since: Agustus 1, 2006 Posts: 28 Comments: 3670
239. stormwatcherCI 03:02 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting hydrus:
Very very true..He must have knew. He retired a few weeks ago . Good morning C.I.
Good morning. Bright blue skies here this morning. It was a cool 71F earlier but has warmed up to upper 70's now.
Member Since: Oktober 9, 2008 Posts: 0 Comments: 8039
240. hydrus 03:05 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting stormwatcherCI:
Good morning. Bright blue skies here this morning. It was a cool 71F earlier but has warmed up to upper 70's now.
I am just south of Richmond, Virginia this morning. 36 degrees at sunrise, forecast to reach 53 by this afternoon...Been up in this neck of the woods over a month now..Getting a little home sick.
Member Since: September 27, 2007 Posts: 1 Comments: 14297
241. DallasGumby 03:13 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Neapolitan:
Of course, one can't help but wonder whether last night's Oklahoma tremors are related to fracking operations like those earlier in the year likely were*, and as last month's quake in Texas may have been, and as last year's quakes in the UK almost definitely were, etc. I reckon we'll find out...

* - From the report's conclusion: "The strong spatial and temporal correlations to the hydraulic-fracturing in Picket Unit B Well 4-18 certainly suggests that the earthquakes observed in the Eola Field could have possibly been triggered by this activity."


I have no earthly idea whether the fracing has any correlation with the quakes but, C'mon - "could have possibly been" does not equate to likely.

And, FYI, there is a huge difference in magnitude between a 4.7 and a 5.5. I may be way off on the math here, but I think a 5.5 is something like 80 times greater magnitude than a 4.7.
Member Since: Agustus 22, 2007 Posts: 0 Comments: 376
242. yqt1001 03:18 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Here's a dry slot in Irene.



Anyone who's been tracking long enough should be easily able to see which one is her real eye. And yet, despite the very well defined eye, she was only a 90mph category 1 hurricane at the time of that picture.
Member Since: November 19, 2010 Posts: 1 Comments: 1184
243. HuracanTaino 03:33 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Patrap:
Asteroid 2005 YU55 To Narrowly Miss Earth (PHOTOS, VIDEO)





An asteroid a quarter-mile-wide will, astronomically speaking, narrowly miss Earth next week.

And while it is the closest an asteroid this size has come to the home planet since 1976, there's no need to call Bruce Willis ... yet.

"There is no chance that this object will collide with the Earth or moon," Don Yeomans, the manager of NASA's Near Earth Object Program office, told Reuters.

But that doesn't mean the asteroid -- named 2005 YU55 -- won't be a threat to earth in the future.

Lance Benner, a research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a video from NASA (available below) that scientists haven't been able to reliably compute the asteroid's path beyond a couple of hundred years from now.

At its closest point, the space rock will be about 201,700 miles (324,600 kilometers) away, which is 0.85 the distance between the moon and the Earth. NASA says that the asteroid will reach this point at 6:28 p.m. EST on Tuesday.

"In effect, it'll be moving straight at us from one direction, and then go whizzing by straight away from us in the other direction," Benner said.

An asteroid this size -- which, according to Scientific American is larger than an aircraft carrier -- would cause widespread damage if it were to hit Earth, however. The Associated Press spoke to Jay Melosh, a professor of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Purdue University, who said that the asteroid would create a four-mile wide crater 1,700 feet deep. It could cause 70-foot tsunami waves and shake the ground like a magnitude-7 earthquake.

Even though the asteroid will be inside the orbit of the moon, NASA said that the space rock's gravitational pull shouldn't have any "detectable effect" on Earth's tectonic plates or tides.

Yeomans told HuffPost that the flyby will give astronomers a great view of 2005 YU55 and is an opportunity to do research into the asteroid's composition. He said that it's a C-Type asteroid, which means it contains carbon-based minerals which could potentially be used in future space exploration.

"These objects are important for science ... they're potential resources for raw materials in space that we may wish to take advantage of some day," he said.

The New York Times reported last month on proposed fuel stations in space that one study says could put astronauts on an asteroid by 2024.
Since "this outspace rocks" are the biggest threat to "humankind besides "selfaniquilation" , or a Nuclear war or nuclear accident, is a "most" that all the scientific community of the world join hands in an effort to find ways to "safe the planet" from a near future collition with one of this object. It should be our common goal to safe the planet. Any time, any day one of this "asteroids" are going to aim "Earth" and if the technology, resourses, and strategies aren't there, our very existense is at stake. This common goal, should unite the planet and perhaps, helps to bring peace among the nations.
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244. Patrap 03:35 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Member Since: Juli 3, 2005 Posts: 371 Comments: 111457
245. Articuno 03:44 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    


This may have not had a landfall, but it was sure pretty,

Hurricane Isaac (Cat 4) at peak
(and its not the strongest either, but it was a beauty)
Member Since: Oktober 22, 2011 Posts: 0 Comments: 1926
246. hydrus 04:03 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting Articuno:


This may have not had a landfall, but it was sure pretty,

Hurricane Isaac (Cat 4) at peak
(and its not the strongest either, but it was a beauty)
Cool sat pic..Anita looked rather vicious in 1977..
Member Since: September 27, 2007 Posts: 1 Comments: 14297
247. bappit 04:05 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Quoting DallasGumby:
I have no earthly idea whether the fracing has any correlation with the quakes but, C'mon - "could have possibly been" does not equate to likely.

I'll go with that. Interesting algebra you are developing there.
Quoting DallasGumby:
"And, FYI, there is a huge difference in magnitude between a 4.7 and a 5.5. I may be way off on the math here, but I think a 5.5 is something like 80 times greater magnitude than a 4.7.

This reminds me of how difficult it is to grasp how large a big number is--or how big a large number is. Once I get past two they all seem many to me. Wikipedia to the rescue.

"The expression Richter magnitude scale refers to a number of ways to assign a single number to quantify the energy contained in an earthquake.

"In all cases, the magnitude is a base-10 logarithmic scale obtained by calculating the logarithm of the amplitude of waves measured by a seismograph. An earthquake that measures 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times larger and corresponds to an energy release of √1000 ≈ 31.6 times greater than one that measures 4.0."

Then there is also this interesting passage.

"The Richter scale proper was defined in 1935 for particular circumstances and instruments; the instrument used saturated for strong earthquakes. The scale was replaced by the moment magnitude scale (MMS); for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter scale, numerical values are approximately the same. Although values measured for earthquakes now are actually Mw (MMS), they are frequently reported as Richter values, even for earthquakes of magnitude over 8, where the Richter scale becomes meaningless.

"The Richter and MMS scales measure the energy released by an earthquake; another scale, the Mercalli intensity scale, classifies earthquakes by their effects, from detectable by instruments but not noticeable to catastrophic. The energy and effects are not necessarily strongly correlated; a shallow earthquake in a populated area with soil of certain types can be far more intense than a much more energetic deep earthquake in an isolated area."

Reminds me of the options available for measuring the intensity of tropical storms. The effects are not necessarily commensurate with the barometric pressure or wind speed. Then again, as Irene showed, the wind speed is not necessarily commensurate with barometric pressure. Complicated world.
Member Since: Mei 18, 2006 Posts: 3 Comments: 4373
248. hydrus 04:07 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Anita with double eye wall structure at landfall..
Member Since: September 27, 2007 Posts: 1 Comments: 14297
249. bappit 04:17 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Anita is an intense looking storm.

Just saw this news story about air conditioning technology. Salt-driven air conditioner. They use a dessicant to remove water from the air.
Member Since: Mei 18, 2006 Posts: 3 Comments: 4373
250. Ameister12 04:17 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
Member Since: Agustus 9, 2009 Posts: 9 Comments: 3517
251. Stormchaser2007 04:35 PM GMT on November 05, 2011    
.
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About JeffMasters
Jeff co-founded the Weather Underground in 1995 while working on his Ph.D. He flew with the NOAA Hurricane Hunters from 1986-1990.

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